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The United Monarchy is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah,〔This article uses the term "Israelite" as defined by ''The Encyclopedia of the Jewish Religion'': "The name ... signifies the people composed of () descendants (the 'children of Israel'), being applied (a) to the whole people (including Judah) ... () (b) with the division of the kingdom after the death of Solomon, to the Northern Kingdom only.""Israelite." ''The Encyclopedia of the Jewish Religion''. Ed. R.J. Zwi Werblowsky and Geoffrey Wigoder. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. pp. 206–207.〕〔Harvey, Graham (1996) ''The True Israel: Uses of the Names Jew, Hebrew, and Israel in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Literature''. BRILL. p. 164〕〔De Vaux, Roland (1997) ''Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions''. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 080284278X〕 during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, in ''c.'' 930 BCE the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms; the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south. Modern scholarship has challenged the biblical account using both literary and archaeological evidence, leading to questions about the historicity of some or all of the account.〔Finkelstein, Israel, and Silberman, Neil Asher, ''The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts'', Simon & Schuster, 2002. ISBN 0-684-86912-8〕〔http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml〕〔Thompson, Thomas L., 1999, ''The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past'', Jonathan Cape, London, ISBN 978-0-224-03977-2 p. 207〕 ==History== According to standard source criticism, a number of distinct source texts were spliced together to produce the current books of Samuel.〔 The most prominent in the early parts of the first book are the pro-monarchical source and the anti-monarchical source. In identifying these two sources, two separate accounts can be reconstructed. The anti-monarchical source describes Samuel to have thoroughly routed the Philistines, yet begrudgingly accepting that the people demanded a ruler, and thus appointing Saul by cleromancy. The pro-monarchical source describes the divinely appointed birth of Saul (a single word being changed by a later editor so that it referred to Samuel instead), and his later leading of an army to victory over the Ammonites, which resulted in the people clamouring for him to lead them against the Philistines, whereupon he is appointed king. Textual critics also point to disparities in the account of David's rise to power as indicative of separate threads being merged later to create a golden age of a united monarchy. David is thought by scholars to have been a ruler in Judah while Israel, comparatively immense and highly developed, continued unfettered. Modern archaeology also supports this view.〔 Most scholars believe the Books of Samuel exhibit too many anachronisms to have been a contemporary account. For example there is mention of later armor (1 Samuel 17:4–7, 38–39; 25:13), use of camels (1 Samuel 30:17), cavalry (as distinct from chariotry) (1 Samuel 13:5, 2 Samuel 1:6), and iron picks and axes (as though they were common) (2 Samuel 12:31). The historicity of the conquest described in the Book of Samuel is not attested, and many scholars regard this conquest as legendary in origin, particularly given the lack of evidence for the battles described involving the destruction of the Canaanite peoples (evidence points to a largely peaceful coexistence between Israelites and Canaanites). Most scholars believe that Samuel was compiled in the 8th century BC (rather than the 10th century where most of the events described take place) based on both historical and legendary sources, primarily serving to fill the gap in Israelite history after the events described in Deuteronomy. This gap in historical record is characteristic of the Late Bronze Age, a period of general cultural impoverishment of the whole Levantine region. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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